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Management of natural resources and local heritages
Organised by M.-C. Cormier-Salem (IRD / MNHN), D. Juhé-Beaulaton (Donatecarcenter.com-Paris), P. de Robert (IRD / CRBC), B. Roussel (MNHN)
1 monthly session, from November till June, next session : November, 2008
Place to be specified
Presentation
This seminar offers to explore, on long length, links between management of natural resources and building (and déconstruction) of local heritages in south countries. The accent will be put on knowledges and traditional know-how but also new forms of promotion of these heritages, so natural as cultural. They will notably be interested in the transformations of operating systems (representations, techniques, practices, institutions) facing the changes of environments, crossed and ongoing. It will be a question of studying social reconstructions and space and institutional reorganisations in ecological, political, economic and social contexts in quick mutation. The relations which join areas (of production or extraction), natural resources, their transformation and their marketing will make the object of pushed analyses and the notions of land and of territory will be in the centre of reflexion. Finally, effects of public policies in terms of conservation of biodiversity local dynamics, or else commercial instrumentalization of the "place" and production of heritages will be discussed . A multidisciplinary approach, linking human and social sciences and sciences of nature, will be favoured to include self-defining stakes better facing external contributions, in frame of globalisés exchanges and in situations of conflicts of access and of usage.
Program 2008-2009 will be defined in September
Program 2007-2008
27/11/07
TARIK DAHOU (political scientist, IRD) : mobility and management of natural resources in the navy blue aerie protected from the hang glider of the saloum (Senegal)
18/12/07
Tatiana Fougal (ethnologist, USM 105, department « Men, natures and societies », MNHN, charged with collections of North Africa (Museum of the Man) : Production vannière in the Sahara
Damien Davy (Doctor in ethnology and ethnobotanique, IRD of Orléans) : Trade of basketry : Resources, actors and modes of production. Case of the French Guyana.
22/01/08
SOPHIE MOREAU (geographer, Univ. Marne-la-Vallée) : New manners of the coffee in Madagascar, or, « The kafe, after the end of the coffee »
19/02/08
DENIS SAUTIER (CIRAD) :Les stakes of Geographical Indications in developing countries Steps and experiments for the promotion of the territorial dimensions in the quality of products
20/03/08
DOMINIQUE GUILLAUD (geographer, IRD) : the island of Nias and the transformation of ecosystem, social and space competition and the mégalithisme who translates this competition
15/04/08
FRANCISCO VALDEZ : Promotion of heritage to the advantage of the marginal populations
20/05/08
Eglee LOPEZ : Garden plan / conservation AGBD / Ethnocartographie and land right of the Indians of Venezuelan Amazon
Thursday, 19/06/08
TAMARA GILES-VERNICK (historian, University of Minnesota) : Evolution of local natural knowledges in the course of the XXth century and their recognition in the actions of conservation of environment in the basin from the river Sangha to central Africa
Indicative bibliography
Blanc-Pamard C., (1991) "Reading of the landscape, a methodological proposal". In Richard J.F. The deterioration of landscapes in Western Africa. Dakar. pp. 269-280. Blanc-Pamard Chantal and Cambrézy Luke, on 1995, Earth, land, territory, Bondy, ORSTOM ; centre of Africain studies, CNRS-EHESS, Paris. Chastanet, Monica (ed). - 1998 - Plants and landscapes of Africa : a history to explore, Paris, Karthala-Centre Africain Researches, 587 p. Chastanet Mr, FAUVELLE F.X. and Juhé-Beaulaton D. (ed)., 2002, Kitchen and society in Africa, history, tastes, know-how, Paris, Karthala, 291 p. Christian J.P., (1983) rural History of Africa of the Great Lakes. Research guide. Paris ; 285 p. Cochet Hubert, 2001, Crises and agricultural revolutions in the Burundi, prefr. of Paul Pélissier and Jean-Pierre Raison, Paris INAPG, Collection Economy and development 468 p. Cormier-Salem M.-C., Juhé-Beaulaton D., Boutrais J. and Roussel B. (ed)., on 2002, Patrimonialiser the tropical nature. Local dynamics, international stakes. Paris, IRD, collection “Symposiums and seminars”, 467 p. Cormier-Salem M.-C., Juhé-Beaulaton D., Boutrais J. and Roussel B. (ed)., 2005, natural Heritages in the South. Land conflicts in the promotion of local knowledges. Paris, IRD, collection “Symposiums and seminars”. 550 p. Fairhead, James ; Leach, Melissa, 1996, Representatives of the past : trees in historical discourse and socialised ecology in the Republic of Guinea In : L. Rival (ed), The Social Life of Trees. London : Routledge.
Program 2006-2007
November 9th
Ann Luxereau (ethnologist, NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH) : The perquisites of mils in central Niger
December 7th
Eric Jolly (ethnologist, Donatecarcenter.com) : the production of beer of thousand in Mali
January 11th
Mary Fleury (ethnobotaniste, MNHN) : the Africain "luggage" in feeding and pharmacopeia of the Blacks horse chestnuts of French Guyana
February 15th
Sophie Caillon (GEOGRAPHER ATER MNHN) : Tracks in cocoteraies. Routes of a peculiar "tree" , the coconut tree (Cokes nucifera L.)
March 15th
Paul Richard (Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development in Wageningen University, The Netehrlands) : Thinking end and working with African Rice
April 26th
Charles-Edouard of Suremain
May 10th
Laura Emperaire (ethnobotaniste, IRD / MNHN) : stories of plants, stories of life
Summaries of interventions
TAMARA GILES-VERNICK (historian, University of Minnesota) : Evolution of local natural knowledges in the course of the XXth century and their recognition in the actions of conservation of environment in the basin from the river Sangha to central Africa
_Résumé _L' intervention will concern the evolution of perception and of knowledges on their environment of the people Mpiemu living in the humid rainforest in Central African Republic (Basin of the river Sangha) by studying their links particularly in territory and in environment. The recognition of the local Africain perception of their environment and of their history allows to call into question the writing of environmental history and decisions taken by decision-makers and defenders of environment. L’ inability or reservation of these last to be included how the Africans imagine their territory and their past explains the failure of interventions in the practices of use of lands. The opposition of Mpiemu to a contemporary environmental plan of conservation - National park Dzanga-Ndoki and Reservation Spéciale Dzanga-Sangha - comes from their past experiences facing environmental interventions imposed by concessionary companies, colonial officers, other Africans, missionaries Christians and the post colonial state. At the same time, the people Mpiemu link these contemporary defenders of environment to the bosses and the Christian missionaries of colonial past, seeing them as sources of jobs, of consumer goods and of other assistants. _
DENIS SAUTIER (CIRAD) :Les stakes of Geographical Indications in developing countries Steps and experiments for the promotion of the territorial dimensions in the quality of products
Summary :
In a first part, I will remind of the conditions of development of the debate on geographical indications (IG) in international authorities. The accent will be put down on the highlighting of common points but also of gaps of perspective, between the European vision of IG and the visions which are appearing in developing countries. In the left deuxieme, the purpose will be illustrated by cases studied as part of the European research plan Siner-GI, which treats conditions of development of geographical indications on international plan, with an accent on developing countries. Developed cases will be tequila in Mexico, the coffee of Pico Duarte in Dominican Republique, and the red tea rooibos in Southern Africa. In conclusion, I will introduce three possible scenarioes of evolution for geographical indications in more general context from the direction increasing taken in economy by standards linked to quality. Eric Jolly :Alcools of importation against beer of thousand : self-defining and socioeconomic stakes (dogon country, Mali)
"Traditional " and prestigious, homegrown drink from the main cultivated cereal, the beer of thousand dogon is (or was) an essential element of the social, economic and religious life of Dogon, until these last decades. In the commercial sphere, the sale of this drink is the most important source of female incomes and, masculine side, an incomparable instrument of entertainment or of flirting. Besides, because of the mobility of the drinkers, "Dolotières" and villages offering the best beer are likely to acquire a regional notability. In a ceremonious and not commercial frame, the beer - by its trial of manufacture, its donations in chain and its successive libations - registered the man, cereals, localities and rituals in a circular system or in a chain of filiation, by constructing the invention of a cyclic reproduction of the society and of a vertical transmission of knowledges. However, contrary to masks for example, the beer seems hardly concerned by current phenomena of patrimonialisation, notably because of its rejection by a lot of the young people and Muslims to the advantage of import alcohols. In the second half of the XXth century, the development of the trade of beer, out of the frame lignager, had however contributed to the emancipation of the young people and of the women. Linked to the development of market gardening, such evolution has already marked the passage with a lignagère economy founded on solidarity and redistribution of the cereal surpluses towards a commercial economy favouring or allowing monetary incomes and individual job. But today, the adoption of foreign drinks participates in the process of self-defining reconstruction ; she allows to the young people to show their opening in the external world, their freedom, their thirst for modernity and their new religious affiliation, while the beer of thousand they registered in the continuity of ancestors and of past. Besides, by controlling trade at once, the circulation and the consumption of these new import alcohols, the young people augment their independence in comparison with their elder on a social, economic and religious plan.
Mary Fleury (ethnobotaniste, MNHN : the Africain "luggage" in feeding and pharmacopeia of the Blacks horse chestnuts of French Guyana.
Feeding and pharmacopeia of the Blacks horse chestnuts is characterised by some plants and/or specific manners of Africain origin. The particular status which is allocated to them underlines the importance of Africa in the collective memory of these descendants of rebel slaves who want to cultivate their roots.
Sophie Caillon (ATER MNHN - Department Men Natures Societies) : Tracks in cocoteraies. Routes of a peculiar "tree" , the coconut tree (Cokes nucifera L.)
Gift before the arrival of the first Men, the coconut tree introduces all attributes of objects socially promoted for the inhabitants of Vanua Washed, an island of Vanuatu. This permanent plant in status « of tree » water, milk, flesh) or during formalities, in the curative and magical recipes (fruits, palms, stipe, roots), as domestic equipment or of building (palms, padding, stipe) is used in daily feeding (and to feed dirty, so precious in Vanuatu. A founder myth and usual stories are always linked to him. If the coconut tree, social object, is nevertheless received as the tree « of Whites », it is mainly due to its report in the place. He indeed changed space : in the past having stationed other trees along tracks as in fruits and in nut, it is since colonisation cultivated there cocoteraie to produce some copra. While the coconut tree lost its space, the villagers were dispossessed of their tree and earned a new space, the cocoteraie who appears as a differentiated space, « of Whites » from which practices and biological equipment were inherited. His new economic function is received as a pressure which cannot be avoided, the copra being their only source of income. The cocoteraie is also a space "fond of good food " encroaching on that of the forest where live minds and that of gardens where feed the living beings. In Vanuatu, the soil belongs to lineages and to individuals, contrary to what is planted. So, the longevity (80 years) and the multiplication of coconut trees (of 10 before colonisation about 400 trees today by family) are strategical elements used by Or - Vanuatu to "capture « the space definitely within their "family" on several generations. The new rules of circulation of seeds and of transmission of the land that this change of space imposed, also changed the organisation of the biological diversity of the coconut trees of the village : socially close planters have morphologically similar coconut trees. Indeed, exchanges of seeds and fluxes of pollen depend mainly on links of filiation between planters and on the disposition in the space of plantations. It would be so possible to conclude that both the geographical distance between plots and the social distance between owners determine diversity. And in Vanua Lava, geographical distance is also social distance ; concepts of "nobody" and of’ "space" can be separately thought.
Paul Richard (Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development in Wageningen University, The Netehrlands, and (Honorary) Professor of Anthropology in University College London, UK) Thinking end and working with African Rice
African Rice - Oryza glaberrima - was domesticated in the West African region, perhaps end 3000 years ago. It uninterrupted in cultivation today. Purpose the information we have end domestication and distribution simple percentage patchy and contradictory. The young plant species has sprung to some prominence in recent years ace has source of genetic constructs used to improve Asian Rice better adapted to African farming conditions. The (so-called) nerica rices won the world food prize for has Sierra Leonean breeder (Monty Jones) in on 2004. Purpose how should African Rice be assessed in terms of its genetic potential, and how should it be conserved ? The paper will deduces to the need for broader framework for thinking has end African Rice than provided by current functional genomics. More attention needs to be paid to history, cultivation environment, and patterns of human usage. In look to musical creativity, the to compose Michael Finnissy deduce for the importance of the notion of reconstruction. Where young plant breeders currently approach the employ of African Rice ace year opportunity for composition I will deduce perspective (by analogy) it should be managed from the of reconstruction.
Summary of intervention 2007-2008
Tatiana Fougal (ethnologist, USM 105, department « Men, natures and societies », MNHN, charged with collections of North Africa (Museum of the Man) : Production vannière in the Sahara
Summary :
Before the advent of contemporary, colonial and post colonial situations, the vannière production in the Sahara was mainly assured by the farmers of oases and the women of their families. The raw material which they had at their disposition, drawn of the palm date palm, allowed them to braid a considerable number of objects necessary to farm work and to daily life. Vannière activity practised according to three modes of production : domestic, semi-craft and craft. The first was predominant, occasional second and third exceptional. Socioeconomic transformations that the Saharan societies live today, jostle "traditional" functionings and the complexifient socioeconomic modes of exercise of vannière activity, both on plan of his actors and on plan of the conditions of their job. Even if three modes of production exist even today, the report differs from now on : semi-craft and craft productions prevail, while strictly domestic production became much less important.
Damien Davy (Doctor in ethnology and ethnobotanique, IRD of Orléans) : Trade of basketry : Resources, actors and modes of production. Case of the French Guyana. Summary :
The French Guyana, department besides sailor, always knows populations drawing a major part of their resources in their environment. It is particularly the case of six Amerindian ethnic groups practicing basketry still actively, while that of Creoles and Blacks Horse chestnuts aluku is losing speed. A significant number of plant kinds (117) participates of the ready-to-wear clothes of a broad fan of form of basketry (211). This activity remains widely linked to the trial of transformation of the tuber of bitter manioc, as we will explain it. We will also show deep anchoring, so social as cultural, basketry to these Amerindian groups ; source masculine activity of social link, self-defining marker, vehicle of the mythical but also source thought of a naturalist and technical knowledge of a big delicacy. However, these societies change and this domestic activity evolves more and more towards a commercial semi-trade. Its social practice is transformed and the transmission of knowledges thinks it is unsettled by various factors. So, having shown the involvement of basketry in Amerindian cultures, we will discuss the place of these local knowledges in the guyanaise contemporary society.
SOPHIE MOREAU (geographer, Univ. Marne-la-Vallée) : New manners of the coffee in Madagascar, or, « The kafe, after the end of the coffee »
Summary :
Madagascar knew in the course of 15 last years a marked decline of production and export of coffee. This decline is sensitive in rural economy, where the coffee does not represent more than a marginal source of incomes in the productive regions, and in the agricultural systems where some plantations were cleared and converted into rice-growing lands. However, production coffee plantation resists : decline comes to stumble over the floor of the national consumption of coffee. The importance of national consumption represents an original situation in comparison with other Africain producers, Ethiopia put to one side. How to explain while the Malagasy become near a century of large consumers of "Kafe" there ? What is the place of the coffee in the society and rural and city culture ? How gets organised the home market of the coffee ? How the rural caféiculture fits t-elle in this new context ? The resistance of the "rural" coffee , the quality of some varieties of Arabica, and the existence of local wild coffee trees encourage on the other hand national and international food societies to develop gastronome of coffees intended for export. Two caféicultures, and two systems of marketing, one of the luxury for export, one other turning towards the home market therefore are appearing.
