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BEAUJARD Philippe
Head of research of 2nd classifies NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Member of the team of Paris of Donatecarcenter.com
Anthropology
beaujard@ehess.fr
Research topics
history of the ocean Indian before the 16th century history of the cultivated plants in the ocean Indian before the arrival of the Europeans place and practice of the soothsayers-healers in the Southeast of Madagascar
Fields
Madagascar, ocean Indian
Seminars and research workshops
Seminar on the history of the ocean Indian (in 2010).
Research plans (participation)
Participation in an international plan, financed by the European Research Council (ERC) and run by N. Boivin (University of Cambridge), plan which will study reports nature-culture in the ocean Western Indian and that is called « Sealinks - Bridging Continents Across the Sea. Multi-disciplinary perspectives one the prehistoric emergence of long - maritime distance contacts ».
Research course
Since 1983 as Researcher and since 1999 as 2nd Head of research cl. to the NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, I follow on Madagascar and the ocean Indian of jobs which register partly in a perspective developed by P. Ottino (cf.« The Ocean Indian as research domain », The Man, on 1974). My recent researches, which use the perspective of " system-world », benefit from jobs of F. Braudel, I. Wallerstein, A.G. Frank, C. Chase-Dunn and T.D. Hall, and J. Friedman. I took back in this approach the definition of systems given by E. Morin, attracting a bridge so between two visions of relations between the whole and the parts which constitute it. My jobs translate moreover the influence of an anthropology« dynamiste »provoked notably by jobs of G. Balandier in France, E. Leach in Great Britain, favourable to a research which« becomes attached less to definite aspects than to situations and to revealing dynamisms, to strategies and to manipulations concerning power and the authority »(G. Balandier), influence also of G. Condominas, to whom I owe some guidelines of my research : importance granted at the job of ground and at a perfect command of the language, interest for history, and oral literature. I will still mention the influence on my research of jobs of H. Lavondès, J.-F. Baré and Mr Bloch, for the anthropology of Madagascar, that of J. Dez, highway. Blust, In. Adelaar, N. Gueunier, in linguistic domain, that of F. Reason, for history, that of Mr Gaborieau for approaches of the Islamic world and of the processes of Islamization, that of J. Barrau, in studies of ethnoscience. These researches benefited from perspectives and from jobs of the teams which welcomed me : CEDRASEMI (LM 682, NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, direction : G. Condominas) from 1978 till 1986, Centre of Africain Studies (UA 94, URA 94, IN UPRES-A 8038, then FRE 2450, direction : E. Terray and Ch. Blanc-Pamard, J.-P. Dozon and Ch. Blanc-Pamard, then Mr Agier), from 1986 till 2008, and GDR 122 (« The transmission of knowledge in the peripheral Muslim world »), to which Mr Gaborieau who ran him offered me to participate (1995-2001). I joined Donatecarcenter.com (Paris 1) (direction : P. Boilley) (team of Paris, run by B. Hirsch) on the April 1st, 2008.
I have led societies since every other 1971 (tañala, antemoro) southeast of Madagascar (region-key for the understanding of the training and of the evolution of the big malagasy social systems) jobs of ground which fed a reflexion concerning the whole Big Island, re-located in the historical and cultural context of the ocean Indian. Relations between identity and powers, the study of the social practices ordering the territorial organisation of societies, are in the centre of followed jobs. In both studied societies, I set out to highlight relations tied between social layers, in a diachronic perspective, as part of the reports which instituted between ideology, political system and modes of production. The exploration of links between social structure, myths and rituals also constituted a guideline of my jobs on the tañala society. These researches allowed the publication of three works on this society : Princes and peasants (1983), Myth and society in Madagascar (1991), and a dictionary of dialect tañala, compared with other malagasy dialects, the first malagasy dictionary to include etymological researches (1998). Jobs on the antemoro country, more marked by present and crossed, Islamic influence, notably concern the role of the Islamizing in the training of the antemoro kingdom (16th - 19th s.), the analysis of phenomena syncrétiques between malagasy and Islamic traditions, the study of the arabico-malagasy manuscripts and the current movement of Islamization. I was responsible in 2003 afterwards C. Hamès of the direction of GDR « Magic and Islamic writing in the Africain and European worlds » (GDR 2159 of the NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH).
A study of the place and the practices of the soothsayers-healers, which everywhere in Madagascar are the artisans of a synthesis between symbolic conception of various origins and the social layers which transport them, constitutes another supplementary, research direction with the previous researches.
Researches led on Madagascar confirmed the validity of the concept of culture of fringe introduced by P. Ottino (1974) in the field of the ocean Indian considered to be research domain, a research which puts the emphasis on interbreeding, processes syncrétiques generated by the movements of people, of the goods and of ideas in the course of the centuries. This approach finds however all its sense only replaced in the perspective of the worldwide system. Following the example of the Mediterranean of F. Braudel, the ocean Indian less represented a barrier than a hyphen between men and cultures. Since the beginning Christian epoch, ocean Indian constitutes an aerie, unified by its exchanges, which is part of a larger group going of the sea of China to Europe and to Africa. It is not only the interconnection or dimension of networks but also regularity, intensity and speed of exchanges which accomplished a progressive integration of the different regions, constituting them in system-world, concept introduces by I. Wallerstein for modern epoch but characteristics of which meet in fact in the more ancient periods.
Research plan (s) for coming 4 years : work in the course of finishing : Ocean Indian and ancient systems-worlds (4th millennium av. J.-C.-16e century). Trial of total history, 2 volumes, 1400 pages collective book hired with P. Norel (economist, University of Poitiers) and L. Shepherd (anthropologist, Museum of the Quay Branly) : Total History, globalisation and capitalism, Publication envisaged for 2009 (Editions Discovery). work in the course of writing on the history of the cultivated plants in Madagascar before the arrival of the Europeans work on the place and the practices of the soothsayers-healers in the Southeast of Madagascar
My research on the system-world – Eurasian and Africain then including the world in its entirety from the 16th century – and on the building of the malagasy societies as part of this system will constitute in the years which come the main axle of my job of writing and that of a seminar to Paris 1, seminar which will represent chase and widening of an education before given to INALCO. The objective of this research, led in collaboration with researchers and French and foreign teachers, is the realisation of a total history of the Old World likely to light the dynamics of globalisation in the present-time.
The first mentioned work, which will be offered in publication in 2009, redraws the processes of constitution of different systems-worlds in the Bronze age and in the Iron age, then those of an Eurasian and Africain system at the beginning of Christian epoch and evolution of this system until the 16th century across four cycles. Geography and networks of exchanges draw three big aeries at the level of the Asiatic and Africain maritime areas : sea of China, ocean oriental Indian and ocean Western Indian. From its training, the Eurasian and Africain system-world comes as a space organised into a hierarchy, ranked by correlations between predominant "hearts" and peripheries – geographical and social – generally dominated, of other regions ( "semi-peripheries ) ( " ) taking advantage on the other hand of the dynamics of the system. Adopting a transdisciplinaire step, work puts in contact economic, political and religious phenomena, technical innovations, but also climatic fluctuations, demographic curves and big epidemics. If it is true that it is in cities - states Italian that some capitalist practices were obvious in second left of the 15th century, the history of the ocean Indian beats in hole the idea of an European invention of capitalism. The research here developed lights the subsequent period, which sees the advent of the modern capitalist system-world, and allows perhaps to hire a reflexion on the future possibles of this system.
The work which I work out at present with P. Norel (economist, University of Poitiers) and L. Shepherd (anthropologist, Museum of the Quay Branly) aims at introducing two of the main currents of total history. He unites articles of Mr Aglietta, G. Arrighi, P. Beaujard J. Bentley, L. Shepherd, C. Chase-Dunn, J. Friedman, B. Gills, J. Goldstone, T. Foyer, P. Norel, K. Pomeranz, B. Silver, highway Bin Wong, and I. Wallerstein,
The third work registers in a research plan on the history of the cultivated plants in the ocean Indian.
Publications
WORKS 1. 1983a Princes and peasants. The Tanala de l' Ikongo. A southeast social space of Madagascar, Preface of G. Condominas (pp. 5-10), Paris, Harmattan, 670 p. 2. On 1991 Myth and society in Madagascar (Tañala of Ikongo). The hunter of birds and the princess of the sky, Preface of G. Condominas, Paris, Harmattan, 611 p. 3. 1998a Malagasy-French Dictionary (dialect tañala, Southeast of Madagascar) with etymological researches, Paris, Harmattan, 891 p. 4. 1998b The southeast arabico-malagasy dialect of Madagascar. Etymological researches, Paris, Harmattan, 165 p. 5. On 2009, to appear, Ocean Indian and ancient systems-worlds (4th millennium av. J.-C.-16e century). Trial of total history, 1400 p.
JOINT PUBLICATIONS 1. On 2006 The Gods in the service of the people. Religious routes, mediation, syncretism in Madagascar, S. Blanchy, In J.-A. Rakotoarisoa, P. Beaujard, C. Radimilahy (éds)., Paris, Karthala, 536 p. + CD 2. 2009 to appear, total History, globalisation and capitalism, P. Beaujard, L. Shepherd and P. Norel (éds)., Paris, Editions Discovery
MAIN ARTICLES 1. On 1981 "plant Hierarchy and social hierarchy in Madagascar. The symbolic place of tubers and of rice and their origins across myths and tales", ASEMI, XII (3-4), pp. 157-191 (Supplement to "Progressions. Writings given to Georges Condominas", ASEMI, XI (1-4), 1980). 2. On 1983 "symbolic conception of kingship and governing in kingdoms tanala of Ikongo in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries", in : The sovereigns of Madagascar. Royal history and its contemporary resurgences, Fr. Raison-Jourde (éd)., Paris, Karthala, on 1983, pp. 298-336. 3. 1985a "ancestors in nature spirits. Myth, ritual and political organisation at the Tanala de l' Ikongo (Southeast of Madagascar)", ASEMI, XVI (1-4), pp. 141-147. 4. 1985b "rice of the sky, rice of the earth. Ideology, political system and rice growings in kingdoms tanala of Ikongo (Southeast coast of Madagascar) the from XVIIth centuries till XIXth centuries", Rural Studies, 99-100, "Economy of supplies", pp. 389-402. 5. 1988a "Plants and traditional medicine in the Southeast of Madagascar", Newspaper of Ethnopharmacology, 23, pp. 265-365. 6. 1988b [1991] "colours and four elements in the Southeast of Madagascar. Indonesian inheritance", Omaly sy Anio, Yesterday and today, n°27, pp. 31-48. 7. On 1991 "the sky, the earth, waters. The king tañala and the alliance of three worlds", Notebooks of Oral Literature, n°29, pp. 159-182. 8. On 1991-1992 "Islamized and royal systems in the Southeast of Madagascar. Examples antemoro and tañala", Omaly sy Anio, Yesterday and today, n ° 33-36, "Powers and states in the history of Madagascar and southwest of Indian Ocean", pp. 235-286. 9. 1992a "The 'king ' and the soothsayer. Reflexion from the enthronement of a political leader anakara", in : The Copyist and the big home. Studies given to the Professor J. Dez, Studies Ocean Indian, n ° 15, pp. 137-176. 10. 1992b "Culto has los ancestros", Altaïr, pp. 44-49. 11. 1995a "religion and society in Madagascar. Example tañala", in : The intimate Foreigner. Miscellany given to Paul Ottino, University of Meeting, Ocean Editions, pp. 181-217. 12. 1995b "rituals in rice growing to Tañala of Ikongo (Southeast of Madagascar). Rituals, myths and social organisation", in : Cultures of Madagascar : Ebb and Flow of Influence. Civilisations of Madagascar : Flux and Low tide of Influence, S. Evers and Mr Spindler (ed)., International Institute for Asian Studies, Working Papers Series 2, Leiden, pp. 249-279. 13. 1995c "violence in the southeast societies of Madagascar", Notebooks of Africain Studies, 138-139, XXXV-2-3, pp. 563-598. 14. On 1997 with J. TSABOTO : "Pariahs antemoro : Antevolo", in : Slavery in Madagascar. Historical aspects and contemporary resurgences, Acts of International Symposium on Slavery, Institute of Civilisations - of Art and of Archaeology, Antananarivo, pp. 383-399. 15. On 1998 "The arabico-malagasy manuscripts sorabe of the country antemoro (Southeast of Madagascar)", Islam and Societies in the south of the Sahara, n°12, pp. 173-199. 16. On 2001 "The malagasy Difficult Girl (Madagascar and Mayotte)", in : The Difficult Girl : an Africain tale-type, V. Görög-Karady and C. Seydou (éds.), Paris, Ed of the NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, pp. 239-262. 17. 2003a "The rice and the water", in : Madagascar. The big secret island, P. Men and F. Raison-Jourde (eds)., Paris, Ed. In another way, pp. 67-77. 18. 2003b "austronésiennes arrivals to Madagascar : waves or continuum ?", Studies Ocean Indian, 35-36, « Languages and cultures of the ocean Western Indian », pp. 59-147. 19. On 2004 « Mythology and society in Madagascar. In example Tañala », in : African Folklore : Year Encyclopedia, P. Mr Peek and Kwesi Yankah (eds)., New York, London, Routledge, pp. 282-284. 20. On 2005 « The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systems Before the Sixteenth Century », Newspaper of World History, 16 (4), pp. 411-465. 21. 2006a « The seven-year pélerinage on the tomb of the ancestor of the aristocrats anteoñy (antemoro country, Southeast of Madagascar) », in : The Gods in the service of the people. Religious routes, mediation, syncretism in Madagascar, S. Blanchy, In J.-A. Rakotoarisoa, P. Beaujard, C. Radimilahy (éds.), pp. 403-453. 22. 2006b « El océano Indico in los sistemas-mundo euroasiático there africano antes del siglo XVI », Studia Africana, 17, pp. 8-38. 23. 2007a « Eastern Africa, Comoros and Madagascar in the system-world before the 16th century », in : Africa and Madagascar, Fr. Rajaonah and D. Nativel (éds)., Paris, Karthala, pp. 29-102. 24. 2007b « The arabico-malagasy manuscripts (Sorabe) of the country antemoro (Southeast of Madagascar) », in : Koran and amulets. Texts and magical practices in Muslim middle, C. Hamès (éd.), Paris, Karthala, pp. 219-265. 25. 2007c « East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the sixteenth century : they have neglected part of the world system », Azania, Flight. XLII, The Indian Ocean ace has cultural community, pp. 15-35. 26. to appear, « Myths and rituals. The honey and the mead in some societies of Madagascar », Acts of Symposium « Tales, myths and popular traditions of Madagascar and of Mascareignes », S. Randriajanahary (éd)., Faculty of Letters and Human sciences of the University of Antananarivo. 27. to appear, « The place and the practices of the soothsayers-healers in the Southeast of Madagascar », in : Respects to Françoise Raison, Paris, Karthala. 28. to appear, « Ancient world-systems : has rethink. Processes of domination and of coevolution one the East African coast before the XVIITH CENTURY », subjected in Current Anthropology. 29. to appear, « The single system-world before the 16th century ? The ocean Indian in the middle of the integration of the hemisphere afro-Eurasian », in : Total History, globalisation and capitalism, P. Beaujard, L. Shepherd and P. Norel (éds)., Paris, Editions Discovery. 30. to appear, "Antemoro" , in : Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden, Brill. 31. to appear, « The arabico-malagasy manuscripts of the country antemoro (Southeast of Madagascar) », in : Africain Encyclopaedia of writings, of picture and of text, S. Battestini (éd.). 32. to appear, « Magic and Islam in Madagascar. The Arabic-Malagasy manuscripts of the Antemoro », 50 p. 33. to appear, « trips of the cultivated plants between Africa and Asia of the South in 3rd and 2nd millenniums ». 34. to appear, « Evolutions and temporal bone delimitations of possible old Bronze world-systems in western Asia and the Mediterranean », University of Sheffield. 35. to seem, « From Iron Age world-systems to the first Eurasian and African world-system », subjected to the Newspaper of World History.
CONTRIBUTION IN THE EDITION OF A WORK 1995 The Africain World : approach of black cultures, Fr. Iniesta, contribution in translation of Spanish and in French edition, Paris, Harmattan, 221 p. On 2008 with C. BLANC-PAMARD, "Introduction" (pp. 2-6) and contribution in the edition of Fanongoavana, a malagasy princely capital of the XIVth century, D. Rasamuel, Paris, Editions Arguments - Editions Quae, 250 p.
